ISBN 9780521542173

La enciclopedia de ciencias y tecnologías en Argentina

Revisión del 21:05 16 dic 2011 de Csoliverez (discusión | contribuciones) (Índice inicial)

Responsable::Ziman, John (compilador); Titulo::''Technological innovation as an evolutionary process''; Editorial::Cambridge University Press; Lugar_Edicion::Cambridge (Inglaterra); Año_Edicion::2000; [[:IL::ISBN 9780521542173]] (Ziman TIEP)


Contenido

Los artefactos y los organismos biológicos evolucionan por procesos aparentemente similares de variación no orientada y selección retentiva. En este libro un grupo de expertos internacionales —de campos tan variados como la biología evolucionista, historia y sociología de la ciencia y la tecnologìa, ciencias cognitivas, informática, economía, educación, antropología cultural y conducción de empresas— explora sistemáticamente esta sugestiva analogía. ¿Tienen los memes tecnológicos el mismo rol que los genes? ¿En qué sentido son "no orientadas" las innovaciones tecnológicas? El diseño, ¿hace a las innovaciones "lamarckianas"? La creatividad tecnológica, ¿proviene de una recombinación de ideas preexistentes? ¿Es posible hacer simulaciones computadas de los procesos de invención? ¿Qué es lo que evoluciona: los artefactos, las ideas o las organizaciones? Estas son algunas de las muchas preguntas generadas y parcialmente respondidas por la metáfora biológica de la tecnología. Al tiempo que ilustra el poder explicativo del esquema evolutivo en contextos suficientemente definidos, el libro presenta una contribución original a disciplinas concernientes al cambio cultural, como la Arqueología Evolutiva.

Índice

220px


  • List of contributors. xiii.
  • Preface. xv.
  1. 1 . Evolutionary models for technological change by John Ziman. .
    1. 1.1 The biological analogies. .
    2. 1.2 The technological 'disanalogies'. .
    3. 1.3 Is 'evolution' compatible with 'design'? .
    4. 1.4 Artefacts as cultural constructs. .
    5. I.5 Institutions. roles and behaviour. .
    6. 1.6 Selection ism versus instructionism. .
    7. 1.7 Undcrst.1nding innovation. .
  2. 2 Biological evolution: processes and phenomena by Eva Jablonka and John Ziman. .
    1. 2.1 Darwin's theory today. .
    2. 2.2 Heritable variation. .
    3. 2.3 Multiplication and heredity. .
    4. 2.4 The objects of selection. .
    5. 2.5 Adaptation. .
    6. 2.6 Speciation and macroevolution. .
    7. 2.7 Progress and its ambivalences. .
  3. 3 . Lamarckian inheritance systems in biology: a source of metaphors and models in technological evolution by Eva Jablonka. .
    1. 3.1 The genic model. .
    2. 3.2 Dysfunctions of the genic model in cultural evolution. .
    3. 3.3 Epigenetic inheritance systems (EISs). .
    4. 3.4 Induction and selection of epigenetic variations. .
    5. 3.5 The 'unit' problem. .
  4. 4 Selectionism and complexity by John Ziman. .
    1. 4.1 Adaptation by selection. .
    2. 4.2 Other selective systems in biology. .
    3. 4.3 Selectionist methodology. .
    4. 4.4 Emergent properties of computer models. .
    5. 4.5 Complexity theory. .
  5. 5 Evolutionary phenomena in technological change by Joel Mokyr. .
    1. 5.1 Introduction. .
    2. 5.2 Techniques and evolution. .
    3. 5.3 Selection units and replicators. .
    4. 5.4 Vehicles and interactors. .
    5. 5.5 Selection and teleology. .
    6. 5.6 Innovation and adaptation. .
    7. 5.7 Summary: information and selection. .
  6. 6 Selection criteria and selection processes in cultural evolution theories by Richard Nelson. 66.
    1. 6.1 Different perspectives on technological evolution. .
    2. 6.2 Technological change as one aspect of cultural evolution. .
    3. 6.3 Differing views on selection criteria and mechanisms. .
    4. 6.4 Technology as both practice and understanding. .
  7. 7 Technological evolution and involution: a preliminary comparison of Europe and Japan by Alan Macfarlane and Sarah Harrison. .
    1. 7.1 The industrious revolution. .
    2. 7.2 The West·European trajectory. .
    3. 7.3 The decline in the use of domesticated animals in japan. .
    4. 7.4 The declining use of the wheel in Japan. .
    5. 7.5 The outcome: intensive rice agriculture inJapan. .
    6. 7.6 The puzzle of the different trajectory of Europe and Japan. .
    7. 7.7 Possible reasons for the absence of domesticated animals in Japan. .
    8. 7.8 Theories to explain the declining use of the wheel. .
  8. 8 Stasis in complex artefacts by Gerry Martin. .
    1. 8.1 A skilled craft in a sophisticated civilization. .
    2. 8.2 The Japanese sword. .
    3. 8.3 Iron + 0.7% carbon = steel. .
    4. 8.4 Quench hardening. .
    5. 8.5 Keeping to what has been found. from long experience, to work. .
  9. 9 Gothic tales of spandrels, hooks and monsters: complexity, multiplicity and association in the explanation of technological change by David Turnbull. 101.
    1. 9.1 Explaining technological change. .
    2. 9.2 Two contrasting stories. .
    3. 9.3 The social construction of science and technology. .
    4. 9.4 Thinking with cathedrals. .
    5. 9.5 The power of the template. .
    6. 9.6 The power of talk. .
    7. 9.7 Theory and practice. .
    8. 9.8 Analysing artefacts in use. .
  10. 10 Path dependence and varieties ofiearning in the evolution of technological practice by Paula A. David. 118.
    1. 10.1 Introduction: varieties of learning in the economics of technology. 118.
    2. 10.2 A concrete historical application. 121.
    3. 10.3 Inquiry by means of computer simulation: the 'Bayesian adaptive rhythm (BAR) model. 122.
    4. 10.4 The historical frame and the computational bounds upon inferential learning . 124. .
    5. 10.5 Simulation results . 127.
    6. 10.6 Some extrapolations . 129.
    7. 10.7 Imtructionist versus selectionist mechanisms in evolution . 131.
  11. 11 Invention and evolution: the case of Edison's sketches of the telephone by W. Bernard Carlson. 137.
    1. 11.1 The evolutionary role of the inventor . 137.
    2. 11.2 Demystifying the process of invention . 138.
    3. 11.3 A historical interlude: Edison, acoustic telegraphy, and the Reis telephone 139.
    4. 11.4 Edison's transfonnative sketches ofthe Reis telephone . 143.
    5. 11.5 Another historical interlude: Bell. Western Union and Edison's contract . 148.
    6. 11.6 Sketches as fossils: taking a palaeontological approach . 149.
    7. 11.7 Making maps to find patterns in the fossil record . 150.
    8. 11.8 A narrative overview of Edison's work on the telephone . 151.
    9. 11.9 So what do these maps tell us about invention and evolution? . 155.
    10. 11.10 Edison as breeder. 157.
  12. 12 The evolution of adaptive form by David Perkins. .
    1. 12.1 The evolution of adaptive form. .
    2. 12.2 The challenge of adaptive form. .
    3. 12.3 Strategies of search. .
    4. 12.4 How biological evolution is Klondike smart. .
    5. 12.5 How human invention is Klondike smarter. .
    6. 12.6 Is invention Lamarckian or Darwinian?. .
  13. 13 Real-world variation-selection in the evolution of technological form: historical examples by Walter G. Vincenti. 174.
    1. 13.1 The constraints of the real world. .
    2. 13.2 Variation-selection in direct use. .
    3. 13.3 Variation-selection in design. .
    4. 13.4 Variation-selection in a design community. .
    5. 13.5 Observations. .
  14. 14 Learning to be inventive: design, evaluation and selection in primary school technology by Joan Solomon. 190.
    1. 14.1 Education. .
    2. 14.2 The nature of technology..
    3. 14.3 Technology and history. .
    4. 14.4 Starting the design process. .
    5. 14.5 Problems with drawing for selection. .
    6. 14.6 Spatial ability and mental modelling . .
    7. 14.7 Evaluation. .
    8. 14.8 Creativity and conclusions. .
  15. 15 Technological evolution as self-fulfilling prophecy by Geoffrey Miller. 203.
    1. 15.1 From genetic algorithms to Darwinian engineering. .
    2. 15.2 How computer science ulmed Darwinian. .
    3. 15.3 How genetic algorithms work. .
    4. 15.4 Some strengths and weaknesses of genetic algorithms. .
    5. 15.5 Fitness evaluation in Darwinian engineering. .
    6. 15.6 The future of technological evolution. .
  16. 16 Recursive practice and the evolution of technological knowledge by Edward Constant. 219.
    1. Introduction. .
    2. Recursion in engineering science and practice. .
    3. What evolves? .
    4. A quasi-Bayesian solution. .
    5. Recursion and rationality. .
    6. Recursive practice and the evolution of technological knowledge. .
  17. 17 The concept of 'design space' by Rikard Stankiewicz. .
    1. 234. .
    2. 17.1 A conceptual framework for technological evolution. .
    3. 17.2 Cognitive dimensions of technology. .
    4. 17.3 Design spaces. .
    5. 17.4 Dynamics of design spaces. .
    6. 17.5 The evolutionary regimes of technology. .
    7. 17.6 Structuring design spaces. .
    8. 17.7 Design languages. .
    9. 17.8 Hierarchies of design languages. .
    10. 17.9 The expansion of design spaces
    11. 17.10 The convergence of design spaces. .
    12. 17.11 Technological change as conceptual evolution. .
    13. 17.12 Organizational and institutional implications. .
  18. 18 Artefact <-> activity: the coevolution of artefacts, knowledge and organization in technological innovation by James Fleck. 248.
    1. 18.1 Introduction. 248. .
    2. 18.2 Technology development. 248.
    3. 18.3 The units for technological evolution. 249.
    4. 18.4 The role of artefacts. 251.
    5. 18.5 The role of knowledge. 254.
    6. 18.6 The role of organization. 256.
    7. 18.7 Thl! artefact-activity couple . 257.
    8. 18.8 Stable replication. 259.
    9. 18.9 Technological lineages. 260.
    10. 18.10 Variation and innovation. 263.
    11. 18.11 Lamarckanism, Darwinism and neo-Darwinism in technological evolution. 265.
  19. 19 The organization of innovative enterprises by Gerard Fairtlough. .
    1. 19.1 Styles of organization and patterns of evolution. .
    2. 19.2 A typology of innovation. .
    3. 19.3 Types of organization. .
    4. 19.4 Choosing the right management style. .
    5. 19.5 features of innovative organizations. .
    6. 19.6 Organization and technological evolution. .
  20. 20 The evolution of war and technology by Edward Constant. 281.
    1. 20.1 The partnership of Mars and Vulcan. .
    2. 20.2 Macroevolution. .
    3. 20.3 Coevolution and complementarities. .
    4. 20.4 'Fitness' and the problem of selection. .
    5. 20.5 Directed mutation. vicarious selection and institutional memory. .
  21. 21 Learning about technology in society: developing liberating literacy by Janet Davies Burns. 299.
    1. 21.1 Understanding technological change. .
    2. 21.2 The role of social groups in technological development. .
    3. 21.3 Liberating literacy. .
    4. 21.4 Liberating literacy in a risk society. .
    5. 21.5 Education for technology. .
    6. 21.6 Conclusion. .
  22. 22 An end-word by all contributors. .
  • Note. .
  • Bibliography. .
  • Index. .

Sobre los autores

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  • [ Technological innovation as an evolutionary process] en Cambridge University Press.

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Ziman, John (compilador); Technological innovation as an evolutionary process; Cambridge University Press; Cambridge (Inglaterra); 2000; ISBN 9780521542173 (Ziman TIEP)

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