ISBN 9780521542173
La enciclopedia de ciencias y tecnologías en Argentina
Responsable::Ziman, John (compilador); Titulo::''Technological innovation as an evolutionary process''; Editorial::Cambridge University Press; Lugar_Edicion::Cambridge (Inglaterra); Año_Edicion::2000; [[:IL::ISBN 9780521542173]] (Ziman TIEP)
Contenido
Contenido
Los artefactos y los organismos biológicos evolucionan por procesos aparentemente similares de variación no orientada y selección retentiva. En este libro un grupo de expertos internacionales —de campos tan variados como la biología evolucionista, historia y sociología de la ciencia y la tecnologìa, ciencias cognitivas, informática, economía, educación, antropología cultural y conducción de empresas— explora sistemáticamente esta sugestiva analogía. ¿Tienen los memes tecnológicos el mismo rol que los genes? ¿En qué sentido son "no orientadas" las innovaciones tecnológicas? El diseño, ¿hace a las innovaciones "lamarckianas"? La creatividad tecnológica, ¿proviene de una recombinación de ideas preexistentes? ¿Es posible hacer simulaciones computadas de los procesos de invención? ¿Qué es lo que evoluciona: los artefactos, las ideas o las organizaciones? Estas son algunas de las muchas preguntas generadas y parcialmente respondidas por la metáfora biológica de la tecnología. Al tiempo que ilustra el poder explicativo del esquema evolutivo en contextos suficientemente definidos, el libro presenta una contribución original a disciplinas concernientes al cambio cultural, como la Arqueología Evolutiva.
Índice
- List of contributors. xiii.
- Preface. xv.
- 1 . Evolutionary models for technological change by John Ziman. .
- 1.1 The biological analogies. .
- 1.2 The technological 'disanalogies'. .
- 1.3 Is 'evolution' compatible with 'design'? .
- 1.4 Artefacts as cultural constructs. .
- I.5 Institutions. roles and behaviour. .
- 1.6 Selection ism versus instructionism. .
- 1.7 Undcrst.1nding innovation. .
- 2 Biological evolution: processes and phenomena by Eva Jablonka and John Ziman. .
- 2.1 Darwin's theory today. .
- 2.2 Heritable variation. .
- 2.3 Multiplication and heredity. .
- 2.4 The objects of selection. .
- 2.5 Adaptation. .
- 2.6 Speciation and macroevolution. .
- 2.7 Progress and its ambivalences. .
- 3 . Lamarckian inheritance systems in biology: a source of metaphors and models in technological evolution by Eva Jablonka. .
- 3.1 The genic model. .
- 3.2 Dysfunctions of the genic model in cultural evolution. .
- 3.3 Epigenetic inheritance systems (EISs). .
- 3.4 Induction and selection of epigenetic variations. .
- 3.5 The 'unit' problem. .
- 4 Selectionism and complexity by John Ziman. .
- 4.1 Adaptation by selection. .
- 4.2 Other selective systems in biology. .
- 4.3 Selectionist methodology. .
- 4.4 Emergent properties of computer models. .
- 4.5 Complexity theory. .
- 5 Evolutionary phenomena in technological change by Joel Mokyr. .
- 5.1 Introduction. .
- 5.2 Techniques and evolution. .
- 5.3 Selection units and replicators. .
- 5.4 Vehicles and interactors. .
- 5.5 Selection and teleology. .
- 5.6 Innovation and adaptation. .
- 5.7 Summary: information and selection. .
- 6 Selection criteria and selection processes in cultural evolution theories by Richard Nelson. 66.
- 6.1 Different perspectives on technological evolution. .
- 6.2 Technological change as one aspect of cultural evolution. .
- 6.3 Differing views on selection criteria and mechanisms. .
- 6.4 Technology as both practice and understanding. .
- 7 Technological evolution and involution: a preliminary comparison of Europe and Japan by Alan Macfarlane and Sarah Harrison. .
- 7.1 The industrious revolution. .
- 7.2 The West·European trajectory. .
- 7.3 The decline in the use of domesticated animals in japan. .
- 7.4 The declining use of the wheel in Japan. .
- 7.5 The outcome: intensive rice agriculture inJapan. .
- 7.6 The puzzle of the different trajectory of Europe and Japan. .
- 7.7 Possible reasons for the absence of domesticated animals in Japan. .
- 7.8 Theories to explain the declining use of the wheel. .
- 8 Stasis in complex artefacts by Gerry Martin. .
- 8.1 A skilled craft in a sophisticated civilization. .
- 8.2 The Japanese sword. .
- 8.3 Iron + 0.7% carbon = steel. .
- 8.4 Quench hardening. .
- 8.5 Keeping to what has been found. from long experience, to work. .
- 9 Gothic tales of spandrels, hooks and monsters: complexity, multiplicity and association in the explanation of technological change by David Turnbull. 101.
- 9.1 Explaining technological change. .
- 9.2 Two contrasting stories. .
- 9.3 The social construction of science and technology. .
- 9.4 Thinking with cathedrals. .
- 9.5 The power of the template. .
- 9.6 The power of talk. .
- 9.7 Theory and practice. .
- 9.8 Analysing artefacts in use. .
- 10 Path dependence and varieties ofiearning in the evolution of technological practice by Paula A. David. 118.
- 10.1 Introduction: varieties of learning in the economics of technology. 118.
- 10.2 A concrete historical application. 121.
- 10.3 Inquiry by means of computer simulation: the 'Bayesian adaptive rhythm (BAR) model. 122.
- 10.4 The historical frame and the computational bounds upon inferential learning . 124. .
- 10.5 Simulation results . 127.
- 10.6 Some extrapolations . 129.
- 10.7 Imtructionist versus selectionist mechanisms in evolution . 131.
- 11 Invention and evolution: the case of Edison's sketches of the telephone by W. Bernard Carlson. 137.
- 11.1 The evolutionary role of the inventor . 137.
- 11.2 Demystifying the process of invention . 138.
- 11.3 A historical interlude: Edison, acoustic telegraphy, and the Reis telephone 139.
- 11.4 Edison's transfonnative sketches ofthe Reis telephone . 143.
- 11.5 Another historical interlude: Bell. Western Union and Edison's contract . 148.
- 11.6 Sketches as fossils: taking a palaeontological approach . 149.
- 11.7 Making maps to find patterns in the fossil record . 150.
- 11.8 A narrative overview of Edison's work on the telephone . 151.
- 11.9 So what do these maps tell us about invention and evolution? . 155.
- 11.10 Edison as breeder. 157.
- 12 The evolution of adaptive form by David Perkins. .
- 12.1 The evolution of adaptive form. .
- 12.2 The challenge of adaptive form. .
- 12.3 Strategies of search. .
- 12.4 How biological evolution is Klondike smart. .
- 12.5 How human invention is Klondike smarter. .
- 12.6 Is invention Lamarckian or Darwinian?. .
- 13 Real-world variation-selection in the evolution of technological form: historical examples by Walter G. Vincenti. 174.
- 13.1 The constraints of the real world. .
- 13.2 Variation-selection in direct use. .
- 13.3 Variation-selection in design. .
- 13.4 Variation-selection in a design community. .
- 13.5 Observations. .
- 14 Learning to be inventive: design, evaluation and selection in primary school technology by Joan Solomon. 190.
- 14.1 Education. .
- 14.2 The nature of technology..
- 14.3 Technology and history. .
- 14.4 Starting the design process. .
- 14.5 Problems with drawing for selection. .
- 14.6 Spatial ability and mental modelling . .
- 14.7 Evaluation. .
- 14.8 Creativity and conclusions. .
- 15 Technological evolution as self-fulfilling prophecy by Geoffrey Miller. 203.
- 15.1 From genetic algorithms to Darwinian engineering. .
- 15.2 How computer science ulmed Darwinian. .
- 15.3 How genetic algorithms work. .
- 15.4 Some strengths and weaknesses of genetic algorithms. .
- 15.5 Fitness evaluation in Darwinian engineering. .
- 15.6 The future of technological evolution. .
- 16 Recursive practice and the evolution of technological knowledge by Edward Constant. 219.
- Introduction. .
- Recursion in engineering science and practice. .
- What evolves? .
- A quasi-Bayesian solution. .
- Recursion and rationality. .
- Recursive practice and the evolution of technological knowledge. .
- 17 The concept of 'design space' by Rikard Stankiewicz. .
- 234. .
- 17.1 A conceptual framework for technological evolution. .
- 17.2 Cognitive dimensions of technology. .
- 17.3 Design spaces. .
- 17.4 Dynamics of design spaces. .
- 17.5 The evolutionary regimes of technology. .
- 17.6 Structuring design spaces. .
- 17.7 Design languages. .
- 17.8 Hierarchies of design languages. .
- 17.9 The expansion of design spaces
- 17.10 The convergence of design spaces. .
- 17.11 Technological change as conceptual evolution. .
- 17.12 Organizational and institutional implications. .
- 18 Artefact <-> activity: the coevolution of artefacts, knowledge and organization in technological innovation by James Fleck. 248.
- 18.1 Introduction. 248. .
- 18.2 Technology development. 248.
- 18.3 The units for technological evolution. 249.
- 18.4 The role of artefacts. 251.
- 18.5 The role of knowledge. 254.
- 18.6 The role of organization. 256.
- 18.7 Thl! artefact-activity couple . 257.
- 18.8 Stable replication. 259.
- 18.9 Technological lineages. 260.
- 18.10 Variation and innovation. 263.
- 18.11 Lamarckanism, Darwinism and neo-Darwinism in technological evolution. 265.
- 19 The organization of innovative enterprises by Gerard Fairtlough. .
- 19.1 Styles of organization and patterns of evolution. .
- 19.2 A typology of innovation. .
- 19.3 Types of organization. .
- 19.4 Choosing the right management style. .
- 19.5 features of innovative organizations. .
- 19.6 Organization and technological evolution. .
- 20 The evolution of war and technology by Edward Constant. 281.
- 20.1 The partnership of Mars and Vulcan. .
- 20.2 Macroevolution. .
- 20.3 Coevolution and complementarities. .
- 20.4 'Fitness' and the problem of selection. .
- 20.5 Directed mutation. vicarious selection and institutional memory. .
- 21 Learning about technology in society: developing liberating literacy by Janet Davies Burns. 299.
- 21.1 Understanding technological change. .
- 21.2 The role of social groups in technological development. .
- 21.3 Liberating literacy. .
- 21.4 Liberating literacy in a risk society. .
- 21.5 Education for technology. .
- 21.6 Conclusion. .
- 22 An end-word by all contributors. .
- Note. .
- Bibliography. .
- Index. .
Sobre los autores
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